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content:aicardi_syndrome [2020/02/23 00:49] icnacontent:aicardi_syndrome [2022/04/30 00:05] (current) administrator@icnapedia.org
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 **Seizures** **Seizures**
  
-Infantile spasms are the most characteristic seizure type in Aicardi syndrome[(:cite:pmid15737696>{{pubmed>long:15737696}})]. Most seizures appear early, at 3–4 months of age, and are often asymmetric or even unilateral. With increasing age, the seizure pattern evolves and focal seizures become more frequent[(:cite:17621479>{{pubmed>long:17621479}})]. EEG features include asynchronous multifocal epileptiform abnormalities with burst suppression and dissociation between the two hemispheres[(:cite:16967367>{{pubmed>long:16967367}})].+Infantile spasms are the most characteristic seizure type in Aicardi syndrome[(:cite:pmid15737696>{{pmid>long:15737696}})]. Most seizures appear early, at 3–4 months of age, and are often asymmetric or even unilateral. With increasing age, the seizure pattern evolves and focal seizures become more frequent[(:cite:17621479>{{pmid>long:17621479}})]. EEG features include asynchronous multifocal epileptiform abnormalities with burst suppression and dissociation between the two hemispheres[(:cite:16967367>{{pmid>long:16967367}})].
  
 **Chorioretinal lacunae** **Chorioretinal lacunae**
 [{{ :content:chorioretinallacunae.jpg?200|Retcam photo of right eye shows optic disc coloboma (black arrow) and dome shaped loci of pale areas with sharp borders nasal to the optic disc suggestive of chorio retinal lacunae (white arrows).}}] [{{ :content:chorioretinallacunae.jpg?200|Retcam photo of right eye shows optic disc coloboma (black arrow) and dome shaped loci of pale areas with sharp borders nasal to the optic disc suggestive of chorio retinal lacunae (white arrows).}}]
-Central Chorioretinal lacunae (CRL) represent a defect of the pigment epithelium and choroid. CRL are pathognomonic for Aicardi syndrome and are seen in all patients (see figure[(:cite:19384023>{{pubmed>long:19384023}})]).They are well-defined, multifocal pale areas with minimally pigmented borders, and are usually found in the peripapillary area of the posterior pole. They do not change or evolve over time. CRL do not affect vision unless the central foveal area is involved.+Central Chorioretinal lacunae (CRL) represent a defect of the pigment epithelium and choroid. CRL are pathognomonic for Aicardi syndrome and are seen in all patients (see figure[(:cite:19384023>{{pmid>long:19384023}})]).They are well-defined, multifocal pale areas with minimally pigmented borders, and are usually found in the peripapillary area of the posterior pole. They do not change or evolve over time. CRL do not affect vision unless the central foveal area is involved.
  
 Optic nerve anomalies are present in the majority of affected individuals, with coloboma being the most common. Other abnormalities include asymmetric microphthalmia, morning glory discs, abnormal retinal vessels and cysts and often result in significant visual impairment. Optic nerve anomalies are present in the majority of affected individuals, with coloboma being the most common. Other abnormalities include asymmetric microphthalmia, morning glory discs, abnormal retinal vessels and cysts and often result in significant visual impairment.
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 Aicardi syndrome is associated with distinctive facial features including prominent premaxilla, upturned nasal tip, decreased angle of the nasal bridge, and sparse lateral eyebrows.  Aicardi syndrome is associated with distinctive facial features including prominent premaxilla, upturned nasal tip, decreased angle of the nasal bridge, and sparse lateral eyebrows. 
  
-Other abnormalities reported include hemivertebrae, block vertebrae, fused vertebrae, and missing, malformed or fused ribs[(:cite:4314028>{{pubmed>long:4314028}})] hand abnormalities including camptodactyly, proximal placement of the thumb, and hypoplasia of the fifth finger[(:cite:pmid2773986>{{pubmed>long:2773986}})][(:cite:pmid16158440>{{pubmed>long:16158440}})].+Other abnormalities reported include hemivertebrae, block vertebrae, fused vertebrae, and missing, malformed or fused ribs[(:cite:4314028>{{pmid>long:4314028}})] hand abnormalities including camptodactyly, proximal placement of the thumb, and hypoplasia of the fifth finger[(:cite:pmid2773986>{{pmid>long:2773986}})][(:cite:pmid16158440>{{pmid>long:16158440}})].
 ==== Diagnostic criteria ==== ==== Diagnostic criteria ====
-Sutton et al. (2005) proposed the following modified diagnostic criteria[(:cite:pmid16158440>{{pubmed>long:16158440}})]:+Sutton et al. (2005) proposed the following modified diagnostic criteria[(:cite:pmid16158440>{{pmid>long:16158440}})]:
   * The presence of all three classical features (classic triad) is diagnostic for Aicardi syndrome   * The presence of all three classical features (classic triad) is diagnostic for Aicardi syndrome
   * The presence of two classical features in addition to at least two major or supporting features is strongly suggestive of a diagnosis of Aicardi syndrome   * The presence of two classical features in addition to at least two major or supporting features is strongly suggestive of a diagnosis of Aicardi syndrome
 ==== Genetics ==== ==== Genetics ====
   * Nearly all reported cases of Aicardi syndrome are sporadic and in females and believed to result from new gene mutations   * Nearly all reported cases of Aicardi syndrome are sporadic and in females and believed to result from new gene mutations
-  * Aicardi syndrome is classified as an X-linked dominant condition[{{ :content:xlinkdominant.jpeg?300|Credit:U.S National Library of Medicine}}. +  * Aicardi syndrome is classified as an X-linked dominant condition[{{ :content:xlinkdominant.jpeg?300|Credit:U.S National Library of Medicine}}]
-  * mutation in gene [[https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TEAD1|TEAD1]] was the first genetic mutation reported to be associated with Aicardi syndrome[(:cite:26091538>{{pubmed>long:26091538}})]. TEAD1 mutations has also been shown to be present in males[(:cite:26091538>{{pubmed>long:26091538}})].+  * mutation in gene [[https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TEAD1|TEAD1]] was the first genetic mutation reported to be associated with Aicardi syndrome[(:cite:26091538>{{pmid>long:26091538}})]. TEAD1 mutations has also been shown to be present in males[(:cite:26091538>{{pmid>long:26091538}})].
  
 === Neuroimaging === === Neuroimaging ===
-Abnormalities identified on MRI are characteristically[(:cite:18925666>{{pubmed>long:18925666}})]+Abnormalities identified on MRI are characteristically[(:cite:18925666>{{pmid>long:18925666}})]
  
   * polymicrogyria that was predominantly frontal and perisylvian and often associated with underopercularization   * polymicrogyria that was predominantly frontal and perisylvian and often associated with underopercularization
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 === History === === History ===
  
-In 1965 French pediatric neurologist and epileptologist [[https://icnapedia.org/news/professor-jean-aicardi-1926-2015|Jean Aicardi]] described 8 children with infantile spasm-in-flexion, total or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, and variable ocular abnormalities[(:cite:aicardi>Aicardi J, Lefebvre J, Lerique-Koechlin A. A new syndrome: spasms in flexion, callosal agenesis, ocular abnormalities. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1965;19:609-610)]. Further 7 patients were described in 1969[(:cite:4314028>{{pubmed>long:4314028}})] and the name "Aicardi syndrome" was established in 1972, by Dennis and Bower[(:cite:4624502>{{pubmed>long:4624502}})].+In 1965 French pediatric neurologist and epileptologist [[https://icnapedia.org/news/professor-jean-aicardi-1926-2015|Jean Aicardi]] described 8 children with infantile spasm-in-flexion, total or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, and variable ocular abnormalities[(:cite:aicardi>Aicardi J, Lefebvre J, Lerique-Koechlin A. A new syndrome: spasms in flexion, callosal agenesis, ocular abnormalities. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1965;19:609-610)]. Further 7 patients were described in 1969[(:cite:pmid4314028>{{pmid>long:4314028}})] and the name "Aicardi syndrome" was established in 1972, by Dennis and Bower
 +[(:cite:pmid4624502>{{pmid>long:4624502}})].
  
 ===== References ===== ===== References =====
 ~~REFNOTES cite~~       ~~REFNOTES cite~~      
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